Chemical Properties

Phosphor and Phosphorescence

2012-01-14T05:25:00.000-08:00

A phosphor is a solid material that emits visible light when activated (excited) by an external energy source such as an electron beam, heavy charged particles, or ultraviolet light. A characteristic feature of such emission is the persistence of the emitted light after the excitation is removed. Many phosphors have been developed having emission in various parts of the visible spectrum and persistence times ranging from a few billionths of a second to many hundreds of seconds. Major applications include coating of flourescent light bulbs, cathode ray tubes, radar screens, television picture tubes, and luminous intrument dials. If phosphor contain in mixed with other substances called as phosphorus.

Phosphorescence is a form of light emission caused by the excitation of atoms by an outside source. Phosphorescence differ from fluorescence only by long persistence of the emitted light after the excitation is turned off. The initial excitation can arise by electron beam bormbardiment, impact by charged particles from radioactive decay, cahmical reactions, and absorption of ultraviolet light. The process involve the excitation of electrons to intermediate metastable energy levels, or "electron traps," from which the electrons rarely decay directly to the original ground state. Instead excitation usually transfer the excitation energy to other levels that then rapidly decay by emitting light.

Practical applications of phosphorescent emission are based on the long term energy storage aspect, the efficiency of the energy conversion process, and the averaging effect provided by the long term persistence. The latter is especially important in television picture tubes and oscilloscopes.

What is Alkaloid

2012-01-07T06:34:00.000-08:00

As the definition alkaloid is a class of nitrogen containing natural product of plant origin that have an alkaline or basic chemical nature. Some alkaloid are simple, monocyclic (one ring) amines, but many are very complex, polycyclic amines.

Alkaloid is determined by the acidity of molecular sources (precursors), base on the metabolic pathway that use to form that molecule. If the biosynthesis of the alkaloid unknown, alkaloid then classified into the name of their compound, include of compound that not contain of nitrogen, as an example, alkaloid of opium, sometimes called as phenanthrenes, or base according to the name of plant or animals where that substance is isolated. After analyses, grouping of alkaloid change according to the result of analyses, usually contain amine name.

Piridine group: piperine, coniine, trigonelline, arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine, cytisine, lobeline, nikotine, anabasine, sparteine, pelletierine
Pyrrolidine Group: hygrine, cuscohygrine, nikotina
Tropane group: atropine, kokaine, ecgonine, scopolamine, catuabine

And many other group of alkaloid.

What is Pentacrythritol and Uses

2011-12-03T05:54:00.000-08:00

The formula or Pentacrythritol is C(CH₂OH)₄ have molecular weight 136.14. Pentacrythritol is a white or light yellow with a little sweetness and soluble in water and ethanol, insoluble in benzene, ethyl ether and other mineral ether. Pentacrythritol have boiling point 276 ^oC and melted in 262 ^oC, have density of 1.35 g/cm³ and have refractive index 1.54 – 1.56.

Pentacrythritol is mainly used in the production of alkyd resin and as material of paint industry, besides as explosive material, floor paint and air lubricant oil. To handling this material should be placed in a dry clean and ventilated place, should avoid heating, damp and direct contacting to sunshine.

How to produce this material still being patented by Harry Jackson, William M. Kraft et al, and other scientist. Some journal just describe the main reaction of the manufacturing of this substances. The invention relates to a process for resolving into its component materials the waste liquor resultant from the manufacturing of pentacrythritol. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for the recovery of pentacrythritol, polypentacrythritols and formic acid salts from such waste liquor.

Pentacrythritol is conventionally produced by the condensation of acetaldehyde with formaldehyde in a aqueous medium containing a condensation catalyst. Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compounds which are alkaline reacting in aqueous solution are normally used as condensation catalyst. Thus the oxydes, hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are particularly favored commercially as condensation catalysts for manufacture

Laboratory Glassware

2011-11-26T21:27:00.000-08:00

When work on the laboratory we will use many glassware apparatus need to work in there. Mostly this glass use as measurment tools and as a chmicals place to react or use as reators. Many of glassware indicate a measurement indicator but not all glassware can use a volume indicator, this because of the measurement indicator just as a volume prediction, not precise volume. The different of this volume indicator in chemical glass and in the measurement volume is the accuracy of this indicators. Glassware with volume indicator have roughly size so it can't use for volume measure.

Like on the picture above all this glass have volume indicator but not all of those glass can use to measure the volume of liquid, only measurement cylinder can use to measure the volume. Erlenmeyer (glass with smaller inlet) usually use for mixing chemicals, and chemical glass can use for many purposes.

Potassium Metal

2011-10-24T08:12:00.000-07:00

Potassium metal is a special metal that always available on the earth. Potassium is very reactive metal if on alone state. As a very reactive substance, it is almost impossible to get potassium as a single chemicals. The symbol of potassium is K as stand for Kalium. Potassium have atomic number 19, and have atomic weight 39.098.

The huge quantity of potassium in the nature as a substance potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) well known and had important industrial uses in glass manufacture well before 1700. Other substance that contain of huge potassium is sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), this chemicals is most often found as a mineral, potash was originally derived from the ashes of vegetables materials.

Chemical Reactor

2011-08-26T19:03:00.000-07:00

Chemical reactor is use to react the chemicals and then change their chemically characteristic. If any substance is mixed than there is no reaction between them, then the place to mix them can't be named by chemical reactor.

Industrial chemical reactor is a complex device in which heat transfer, mass transfer, diffusion, and friction may occur along with chemical reaction, and it must be safe and controllable. In large vessels mixing of reactants, flow distribution, residence time distribution, and efficient utilization of the surface of porous catalysts also arise.

Acetylene Gas

2011-07-27T16:23:00.000-07:00

Many gases include of dangerous chemicals because of their easily to burn. The gas that include of this kind such as petrol, benzene, LPG and other LNG, Acetylene, etc. Acetylene gas is produced from the chemical reaction between calcium carbide and water. This simple reaction often be created by mechanics to welded job.

The chemical reaction formula as follows:

CaC₂ + 2H2O → C₂H₂ + Ca(OH)₂ + heat

This gas have advantage because of a higher combustion velocity, higher flame capacity and higher flame temperature over other fuel gasses, so this combustion effect can use for steel welding use. A gas with a higher combustion velocity produces a shorter flame.

The burning of this gas will create heat to 335 ^oC and the yield of this reaction as follows:

Acetylene + Oxygen ----> 4 CO₂ + 2 H₂O + heat

Solanine

2011-06-12T09:41:00.000-07:00

Solanine is a poison substance that available because of changes of fruit structure by microorganism and also trigger by the exposed to sun. The example of this changes is like solanine on Potato that make the potato skin change to green color.

Solanine itself is a glycoalkaloid poison that is found in species of nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as potato (Solanum tuberosum). Solanine also can occur naturally in any part of the plant, including the leaves, fruit, and tuber. Solanine substance can has fungicidal or pesticidal properties, and this is one of plant's natural defenses.

People who get solanine poison have symptom like nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, headache and dizziness. In large solanine poisonous can cause death. One study report that doses of 2 to 5 mg per kg of body weight can cause toxic symptoms, and more than 5 mg per kg body weight can be fatal.

Symptom will appear after occur for 8 to 12 hours, but may occur as rapidly as 30 minutes after eating solanine foods.

Reduce Waste in Metal Plating

2011-05-29T07:09:00.000-07:00

The below lists are low cost or no cost solution to reduce waste and pollution in any metal plating company, that usually used of chromic acid, including in developing countries. All these idea have been proven to help small companies to apply on their production in order to comply with cleaner production concept that currently encourage by government.

Top Low-Cost Solutions to Increase Efficiency and Reduce Waste in Metal Plating Operations:

Method	Function
Install Spill containment	Spills can be contained and managed to prevent losses of valuable resources
Lengthen drag-out	Allows more chemical to drip back to process tank, so reduces the amount of chemical introduced in rinse water.
Establish drag-out timing	Post drag-out times on signs at thanks to remind employees. A drain time of at least 10 seconds has been demonstrated to reduce drag-out by 40% compared to the three second industry average.
Install drain boards or drip guards	Boards and guards minimize spillage between thanks and are sloped away from rinse thanks so drag-out fluids drain back to plating thanks.
Use conductivity sensors	These sensors indicate the cleanliness of the rinse water. They cost only a few hundred dollars to order, and can greatly improve plating quality and prevent unnecessary dumping of rinse water.
Agitate rinse bath	Agitation promotes better rinsing, agitate water or part manually or with mechanical means (stirring or air bubbling)
Reuse spent acid/alkaline	Spent acid can be used to neutralize an alkaline waste stream. Spent alkali can be used to neutralize an acid waste stream.
Evaporation process	Concentrate rinse water and captured drag-out liquids for reuse, the water condensate can also be reused. Evaporator or boiler can be used.
Increase bath	Evaporates bath water so relatively clean waste rinse water can be reused as bath makeup water. Reduces solution viscosity so more chemical drains back to process tank during drag-out. Don't use on Cyanide or Hexavalent chromium Baths.
Optimize bath concentrations	Run test with successively lower bath concentrations to find the minimum level needed to achieve quality. This saves money by reducing overuse of chemicals and reduces contaminations in waste water.

Explosive Chemicals

2011-04-29T09:33:00.000-07:00

Have long ago people create a substance that can be explode, that can be used to break down a rock and many other hard materials. Centuries ago Chinese people have used black powder in their propelling missile that was demonstrated shortly after 1300. Then people found of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose in about 1850 as use on dynamites and the mercury fulminate blasting cap soon after.

The type of explosive chemicals is classified into their sensitivity and power on giving explosion. There are three fundamental types of explosives, mechanical, atomic and chemical explosion. According to their behavior, chemical explosive divide into two division:

Detonating, or high explosives, (a) primary, or initiating explosives (detonation); (b) booster and secondary explosives.
Deflagrating, or low explosives.

There exist a very great difference between the detonating and deflagrating explosive types. High explosives detonate at very high rates, from 2 to 9 x 103 m/s and the reaction front is a shock phenomenon moving actively throughout the material. Low explosives, or propellants, burn in layers parallel to the surface at low rates, around 10-2 m/s, and the reaction front is a flame.

Polar and Non Polar Solvent

2011-02-12T17:14:00.000-08:00

Chemical substance divide into two kind depend on the type of solvent that can dilute them. Chemicals that can dissolve in polar solution are categorized polar chemicals, chemical that can dissolved in non polar solvent said polar chemical solution.

Solvent that include on polar solvent like water, alcohol and other solvent that can mixed each other with water called polar solvent. Non polar solvent can't mixed with water like oil, coconut oil, benzene, toluene, kerosene, acetone and others.

Not all chemicals can dissolve in those kind of solution, sometime chemicals just can dissolve in other chemicals. So to dissolve them we sometime need intermediate chemicals to make certain chemicals can dissolve on this solvent.

The example chemicals that dissolve in non polar solution like, waxes, butter, oil, non-polar paint and many others, while chemicals that can dissolve in polar solution like 3M adhesives, polar paint, calcium, and many others. Chemical that can dissolve in other chemicals like sulfur, sulfur can dissolve in CS₂.

Some non polar substance can dissolve in polar substance if there is intermediate substance like oil can dissolve in water after mixed with soup. Oil react with soup and then can dissolve in water, this mean that non-polar chemicals change into polar chemicals with reaction with certain substance.

Nitroglycerin Use

2011-02-02T09:00:00.000-08:00

Nitroglycerin is included on dangerous chemicals. Beside have poisonous and unstable and toxic, nitroglycerin have explosive properties materials. The first people that use this nitroglycerin as explosion material is Afred Nobel's who the first scientist attempt to create explosion from nitroglycerin in 1863. Because nitroglycerin is unstable, this chemicals need careful on handling, transport, storage and employment.

In the year of 1864, Alfred Nobel success to produce solid preparation by mixing of nitroglycerin with porous substances such as kieselguhr, thus allowing the explosive to be employed as safe, stable, blasting agent called as dynamite.

From that time then Alfred Nobel to be mention the founder of dynamite, but then he feel guilty to found this and make all the benefit from this founding are donated to science experiment founder. Until now we know that Nobel price given to many founding and appreciation in many discipline.

Dangerous Chemicals

2011-01-16T17:16:00.000-08:00

We know that are not all chemicals are dangerous to human being, some are need by our body but in a small amount like, Iron, Zinc, Calcium, Natrium and many others. Our body also are accumulate of many chemical in certain composition. If the composition of certain chemical out of order can be said as abnormal condition and can make our body feel not good, even poisonous.

Many chemicals also dangerous to our body because have poisonous properties and if available to our body can make poisonous and even died.

Dangerous chemical as a rule have the properties such as follows:

Corrosive
Reactive
Explosive
Irritative
Radioactive

Sodium Bisuphite

2010-11-12T15:54:00.000-08:00

Sodium bisulphate has chemical formula NaHSO₄, sodium bisulphate can be formed by reacting sodium nitrate with sulfuric acid that will form sodium bisulphate as obsolete reaction. If the reaction is fully completed will formed sodium sulfate.

Sodium bisulphate can also formed when salt is moderately heated with sulfuric acid, the reaction formula can be drawn as follows:

NaCl + H₂SO₄ ----> NaHSO₄ + HCl

The major uses of sodium bisuphate are in the manufacture of acid type toilet bowl cleaners and for material cleaning and metal pickling. Minor uses are in dye baths, carbonizing wool and various chemical processes. Sodium bisulfate also use technical grade applications for metal finishing, cleaning products, and to lower the pH of water for efective chlorination, including swimming pools.

Sodium bisulfate also approved as a general use feed additive, including companion animal food. It is used as urine acidifier to reduce urinary stones in cats. Grade sodium bisulfate is ued in a variety of food products, including baverages, dressings, sauces, and fillings.

Lacquer

2010-08-14T02:32:00.000-07:00

lacquer is a fast drying, high-gloss varnish used as a protective and decorative coating on objects made, usually of wood and known as lacquer ware. It is also used in industrial applications on metal, fabric, leather, and paper. Pigmented lacquer are generally considered to be a type of paint. Lacquers originated in China, perhaps as early as the Zhou dynasty, although the Ming period produced the most diverse and beautiful lacquered objects. Japanese lacquerers probably learned the art from the Chinese.

Although the word lacquer is derived from lac, a resin secreted by an insect (Laccifer lacca) found largely in Southeast Asia, the first true lacquer were exudate collected from the sap of a sumac tree, Rhusvernicifera, native to china, Japan, and the Himalayas. After being boiled down and mixed with coloring pigments on a surface. A soft, smooth wood was usually used as the base of the lacquered object. The wood was coated with pastes made of starch, clay, and resin and then covered with a thin cloth, over which successive layers of lacquer were painted, allowed to dry, and then rubbed to a glossy, smooth polish.

Inert Gases

2010-07-11T05:04:00.000-07:00

The inert, or noble gases are a family of gaseous elements that constitute Group O of the periodic table. Their physical and chemical properties are closely related. The noble gases and their atomic numbers are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and radon. Together they constitute just less than 1% by volume of the atmosphere near the Earth's Surface. The term inert and noble are derived from the extreme reluctance of these gases to combine chemically with other elements. Chemical stability exists because the outmost shell of each noble gas atom is filled with eight electron (octet), except helium, which has two.

Most other chemical elements, when they react has two. Most other chemical element, when they react with one another, do so in order to achieve this stable octet electron configuration either by losing electrons to their reacting partners or by gaining electron from them. Because the noble gases already have the stable electron configuration, they are relatively inert. The ability to form chemical compounds created since 1962 - before which time chemist assumed that inert gases did not form compounds, are XeF₂, XeF₄, and XeO₃. Krypton forms KrF₂, KrF₄, which are stable only at low temperature.

Coal Moisture Contains

2010-06-02T06:01:00.000-07:00

Total moisture contain on material like coal usually analyze as received, either directly or step by step, but for other material is analyze on the dry bases on sample that treat by heating first and grinding to smooth.

Annalist here difficult to measure on create a method on examine of sample for applying for coal as overall on the real condition that have big form and wet. Generally total moisture contain examine on two-step so the analyze method named by two stage determination.

After the first step has done on sample preparation by weighing sample then dry on room temperature until get constant weight (the difference between last weighing and before last must less than 0.1%). Weight loss is counted on percentage and name as air dry loss (ASTM) or free moisture (ISO/BS/AS).

The goal of constant weight in order the sample don’t change the weight anymore (absorb or vaporize) on the next preparation step like milling and dividing, so the result of examination the total moisture become bigger.

After reach of constant weight, sample is milled to certain particle size, take a part and sent to the laboratory to analyse the residual moisture by heating the sample in oven on temperature 105 to 110^oC for 3 hours while flowing of nitrogen gas.

Total Moisture is counted by formula:

TM = ADL + RM * (1 – ADL/100)

Where:

TM = total moisture on % (as received basis – ar)
ADL = air-dry loss on % (as received bases – ar)
RM = residual moisture on % (air dried bases – ad)

Waxes

2010-01-26T07:23:00.000-08:00

There are animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic waxes, depending upon the source. Animal waxed are secreted as protective coating by certain insects. Vegetable waxes are found as coatings on leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds. Mineral waxes are paraffin waxes obtained from petroleum, and such waxes are yielded by coal, peat, and lignite. Mineral waxes from petroleum are not true waxes (esters) but are so classified because of their physical characteristics.

Beeswax
This is probably the best known was. It is made from honeycombs by solvent extraction, expression, or boiling in water. Many church candles contain more than 50% of this wax.

Carnauba Wax
This wax is obtained from the carnauba palm, which grows in Brazil. The leaves are cut, dried for 3 days, and sent to the beater house. The drying loosen the wax, which can be easily beaten from the slashed leaf, and it fails to the floor where it is gathered at the end of the day and melted. Less than 1 liter of molten waxes are obtained from 19 liters of powdered wax. This is filtered through cheesecloth, allowed to harden and sold. A palm tree produce about 90 g of wax per year. This product is used as constituent of floor, automobile, and furniture polishes, and in carbon paper, candles and certain molded products.

Spermaceti
The oil removed from the head cavity, and partly the blubber of the sperm whale is in reality, a wax because of its chemical composition. Spermaceti is important for lubrication. The head oil, upon chilling and setting, is a solid wax. This constitute about 11% of the original oil and is largely cetyl palmitate. It is melted, treated with a hot, dilute caustic soda solution, washed with water, and run into molds to solidify. It is translucent, odorless, and tasteless and is used chiefly as a base for ointments. By methylating sperm oil, Archer-Daniels-Midland has obtained a low surface tension lubricant.

Ozocerite
This is the name given to certain naturally occurring mineral waxes. The ozocerite known commercially is a particular earth wax mined in eastern Europe, but important similar waxes are mined elsewhere. One variety, mined in Utah, is known as Utahwax or Utahozocerite. It can be substitute to a great extent for the other and is chiefly employed for electrical insulation waterproofing, and impregnating.

Paraffin Wax
This wax is concentrated in certain lubricating oil fractions as a result of distillation and is separated by chilling and filter pressing. Extraction of lube oil fractions with e.g. a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone and benzene, followed by distillations into narrow boiling fractions yields microcrystalline waxes.

Montan Wax
The name montan wax generally applies to the wax obtained from an bituminous wax solvent extracted from bituminous lignite or shale, but a similar wax may be obtained from peat or brown coal. Its important applications include electrical insulation polishes and pastes.

Candelilla Wax
This is the third most important US wax in tonnage and is made by boiling the stem of a plant common in Mexico and southwestern United States with a water sulfuric acid mixture and skimming off the wax which floats on the liquid. Another method of obtaining this wax is by extracting the stems with hexane and recovering the wax by distillation of the solvent.

Synthetic Wax
Various materials are used to make synthetic waxes. Carbowaxes are high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. They are useful as wax emulsifiers, as well as being waxy themselves. Higher aliphatic alcohols are used as emulsified wax substitutes. Other synthetic waxes are produced from fatty acids and amines, and chlorinated paraffin wax.

Aluminum Recycle Product

2010-01-25T06:14:00.000-08:00

Aluminum metal often produced not from pure aluminum ore like on the process of aluminum production. Aluminum produce often from aluminum waste, and for certain aluminum alloy product sometime difficult to duplicate because this metal is composed from certain mixing that compossed from secret metal composition.

Some product immitater always produce of similar product with the same material by using of aluminum product waste. They produce the similar kind of product using the same waste of product so they can produce the similar product with adjescent quality with the original product.

Aluminum waste also used for create other kind product that very cheap, like house appliance product and motorcycle spare parts. They can produce with high benefit and they can sell their product with very cheap. For this purpose they can sell their product very fast because the price is very cheap compare with original one, even the quality is not as good as the original but the price is very cheap. This kind of product is very competitive and prefer by their customer.

Sulfur Dioxide Effect

2010-01-24T09:27:00.000-08:00

Sulfur dioxide is discharged from cobustion coal and Industrial operation that use of sulfur for their process. Like on the production of carbon dioxide, carbon source such as coke is burned to react with sulfur. Some sulful also will react with oxygen to be sulfur dioxide.

Sulfur dioxide gas that flow out to the atmosphere then poisonous to the animal and plant. Sulfur dioxide on atmosphere can react with oxygen on the air to be a sulfur trioxide that very acid chemicals. This chemical than react with water to be sulfuric acid and will down when it rain. The rain that contaminated with sulfuric acid can say as acid rain. This water can make many plant die and will contaminated the lagoon and river that can make fish die.

Some plant have waste treatment to process this flue gas into a friendly gas before they through away to the atmosphere, but on certain time this waste gas treatment can stop and will flow out dangerous gas to the atmosphere. If this gas then go to the municipal can make them being poisonous.

Soap Making

2010-01-12T23:46:00.000-08:00

Soap making is as simple as you learn from book or from article that writen on this internet. Many blogger write and copy the contain from other blog and just write again the contain. Actually many parameter should be intensed on soap making like you can see on this article of soap making.

Soap making need litle high base chemistry knowledge in order can compete with other soap maker. Many ingredients are mixed to the basic formula that have goal to create better or lower price of the chemical used in totally.

Soap making need more modification and need chemicals knowledge rather complicated, either cause of many kind of soap proposed or cause of many kind of chemical can be added to the base soap formula. The chemical composition of every soap industry can different but the base formula is the same.

People may just differ the kind of soap from their fragrance, but basically are the same. Detergent soap usually less to modificate because the price usually low and people don't need vary for this kind of soap, but beauty soap and bath soap can vary and the price also vary. Industry can take more benefit from bath soap or beauty soap and also from healthy soap that sometime contain sulfur.

Wine Quality

2009-11-29T20:58:00.000-08:00

Wine quality is depend on the way how the production run, wine production is depended on the microorganism available on that environment. Sometimes the process use the environment that is sourced from river or air condition on the environement, from this process wine production sometimes can't be proceed in other place.

For the manufacture of dry red wine, red or black grapes are necessary. The grapes are run through a crusher, which macerates them but do not crush the seeds, and also removes part of the stems. The resulting pulp, or must, is pumped into 11,000 to 38,000 L tanks, where sulfurous acid is added to check the growth of wild yeast. An active culture of selected and cultivated yeast equal to 3 to 5 percent of volume of juice is added. During fermentation, the temperature rises, so that cooling coils are necessary to maintain a temperature below 30oC. The carbon dioxide evolve carries the stems and seed to the top, which is partly prevented by a grating floated in the vat. This allows extraction of the color and the tannin from the skins and seeds. When the fermentation slow up, the juice is pumped out of the bottom of the vat and back over the top. The wine is finally run into closed tanks in the storage cellar, where, during a period of 2 or 3 weeks, the yeast ferments the remainder of the sugar. The wine is given a cellar treatment to clear it, improve the taste, and decrease the time of aging. During this treatment the wine is first allowed to remain quite for 6 week to remove part of the matter in suspension, and then racked for clarification. Bentonite or other diatomaceous earth, may be used for clearing, 20 to 185 g being stirred into every 100 L of wine. An insoluble precipitate with the tannin is also formed. Extra tannin may also be added, and the wine racked and filtered through diatomaceous earth, asbestos, or paper pulp.

Vinegar and Acetic Acid

2009-10-06T01:34:00.000-07:00

The aerobic bacterial oxidation (by the genus Acetobacter) of alcohol to dilute acetic acid (8 %) is another ancient procedure, furnishing vinegar, a flavored acetic acid solution, fermented from wine, either, malt, or dilute alcohol. If pure dilute alcohol is fermented, pure dilute acetic acid results. The yield is 80 to 90% of theory. Air must be supplied, as these formulations indicate:

2 C₂H₅OH + O₂ -------- 2 CH₂CHO + 2 H2O
2 CH₃CHO + O₂ ------- 2 CH₃COOH

Since these reaction are exothermic, the alcohol can be slowly trickled through either the apparatus, letting the heat dissipate, or it can be recirculated with special cooling. It cider, malt, or wine is fermented, the acetic acid content of the resulting vinegar rarely exceeds 5 % because of limitations of the sugar content: if dilute alcohol is the raw material, the acetic acid may rise to 12 or 14% at which acidity the bacteria cease to thrive. If a fruit juice is turned to vinegar, certain eaters are formed, varying with the raw material and thus imparting a characteristic flavor. Synthetic acetic acid is made from ethylene, or by treating methanol with carbon monoxide.

Glyserin as Medicine

2009-09-11T15:26:00.000-07:00

Glycerin is a clear include as organic chemicals, nearly colorless liquid having a sweet taste but no odor. Scheele first prepared glycerin in 1779 by heating a mixture of olive oil and litharge. On washing with water, a sweat solution was obtained, giving, on evaporation of the water, a viscose heavy liquid, which the discover called “the sweet principle of facts.” In 1846 Sobrero produced the explosive nitroglycerin for the first time, and in 1868 Nobel, by absorbing it in keselghr, made it safe to handle as dynamite. These discoveries increased the demand for glycerin. This was in part satisfied by the development in 1870 of a method for recovering glycerin and salt from spent soap lyes. Since about 1948, glycerol has been produced from petrochemical raw materials by synthetic processes.

As chemical glycerin have many function can use, glycerin can use as medicine like for lips swelling or glycerin can also use as explosive material like as on nitroglycerin that can be convert to a very explosive material.

Super glue and Power glue

2009-08-26T19:34:00.000-07:00

Super glue and Power glue often sell in different name but actually have the same function. Superglue actually have a chemical name cyanoacrylate adhesive that have a chemical formula of methyl-2-cyanoacrylate or ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Superglue and powerglue may differ from substance that bond on cyanoacrylate, methyl or ethyl.

This adhesive have many purpose function beside cause have a very fast bonding effect on both material that stick to. Not like many other material that just stick for certain material like just for paper or just for wood or just for plastic. Power glue can stick of many materials; plastic, wood, metal, and glass.

Some point that is not good enough bonding if gluing of porous materials or hard and smooth material like glass. For gluing some of those materials we must add some filler or strengthen material like fiber. For those uses and function can see the detail on Superglue and Powerglue.

Calcium and Chromic Acid

2009-07-13T21:56:00.000-07:00

Chromic Acid
Chromic acid is very soluble in water, chromium acid have unlimited solubility in water, the color of this chemicals is red brown in solid state or called as chromic acid flake. The solution color in water is red. Because chrome itself is metal after dilute in water this chrome can attract by negative pole of electric current. The solution of chromic acid flake called as chromic acid. As on solid state chromium acid have formula CrO3 and after dilute in water the formula become H2CrO4.

Chromic acid is an intermediate in chromium plating, and is also used in ceramic glazes, and colored glass. Because a solution of chromic acid in sulfuric acid (also known as a sulfochromic mixture) is a powerful oxidizing agent, it can be used to clean laboratory glassware, particularly of otherwise insoluble organic residues. This application has declined due to environmental concerns. Furthermore the acid leaves trace amounts of paramagnetic ions Cr(III) and Cr(V) that can interfere with certain applications, such as NMR spectroscopy. This is especially the case for NMR tubes.

Calcium
Calcium is important to our body. The chemical element calcium is a malleable, light, silver while metal, an Alkaline Earth Metal of Group IIA in the periodic table. Its symbol is Ca, its atomic number is 20, and its atomic weight is 40.08.

Calcium was first prepared by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. following the method of J.J. Berzellus and M.M. Pontin. Davy electrolyzed a mixture of lime, CaO, and mercury to produce an amalgam (a mercury, he obtained a calcite, a form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Chemical Composition

2009-06-03T15:36:00.000-07:00

Chemical composition will depend on the kind of substances and depend the many thing and also sometime depend on the substance age. Like Coal in nature have variate composition, depend on the age of the coal, longer coal age in nature have better quality or have higher C contain.

Coal has the main composition of carbon, and carbon in a nature make a chemical reaction to build their substances. These substances are varying and have their own name depend on the composition on their chain. Carbon in their chemical chain usually called as carbonates that have many name of these substances. More detail about this see on Coal Composition

Sulfur Chemicals

2009-04-09T18:35:00.000-07:00

Sulfur or sulphur is a naturally occurring, yellow, water insoluble solid element. Its chemical symbol is S, its atomic number is 16 and its atomic weight is 32.064 sulfur is nonmetal and a member of the oxygen family of elements, which constitutes Group VIA of the periodic table. The discovery of sulfur predates recorded history, and the element has been used since ancient times. The early medical books of Dioscorides of Greece and Pliny the Elder mention sulfur, and fumes from burning sulfur were used in religious ceremonies and for fumigation. Alchemists recognized sulfur as a mineral substance that can be melted and burned. It was first classified as an element by Antonie Lavoisier in 1777.

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Alkaloid

2009-04-09T18:34:00.000-07:00

More than 200 alkoloids are known. They are present in only about 10 to 15 % of all vascular plants. Often found in the dicotyledone group of the angiosperm, or flowering plants, they seldom occur in monocotyledone or in other plant groups, such as gymnosperms. The most actively growing parts of such plants usually contain the highest percentage of the compounds. Among the more familiar alkaloid are aconitine (From monkshood), atropine (from belladonna), codeine, morphine, and papaverine (from opium poppy), nicotine (From tobacco) quinidine and quinine (from cinchona bark), solanine (from potate and tomato), ricinine (from castor bean) and strychnine and brucine (from Nux fomica).

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Hydrogen Sulfide

2009-02-15T08:18:00.000-08:00

H2S is a gas that forms naturally in crude oil, natural gas, and water with high sulfur concentrations (sour water).

H2S is soluble in water, and may be released out of the water if there is change in the pH, line pressure, and /or temperature.
Some of the process areas may generate potentially fatal concentrations of H2S. These sources could be from raw materials, process reactions, or exposure of materials during a fire.

More detail about the properties and effect cause by Hydrogen Sulfide can see on Hydrogen Sulfide properties.

Arsenic Trioxide

2009-02-15T08:15:00.000-08:00

On the bellow story is about the reaction effect that caused by bad our environment. Many industrial waste contain chemical that can’t be proceed by our body, or animal body like shrimp or crab from sea or river. If the chemicals consume by our body or animals body then accumulate on the body and can cause cancer. If scrimp accumulate risk chemicals on their body and then consume by us then we can poisonous or accumulate again in our body.

More detail can see here on Arsenic Trioxide.

Ionic Bonding

2009-01-24T11:40:00.000-08:00

When two or more atoms combine, a competition for the available electrons can occur that leads to a nearly complete transfer of one or more electrons. The resulting formation of an ionic bond involves the removal of an electron from one atom, a process known as ionization potential of the atom. The other atom gains an electron, and the measure of its ability to do so is known as its electron affinity. An ionic bond result from the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the negatively charged anions and positively charged cations. When atoms of sodium and chlorine are brought together, for example, tablet salt (NaCl) is formed; a more proper representation might be Na+Cl-.

For detail look in Chemical Ionic Bond

Reaction Rate

2009-01-24T11:38:00.000-08:00

From an engineering viewpoint, reaction kinetics has these principal functions:
Establishing the chemical mechanism of a reaction obtaining experimental rate data
Correlating rate data by equations or other means; Designing suitable reactors, Specifying operating conditions, control methods, and auxiliary equipment to meet the technological and economic needs of the reaction process.

Reactions can be classified in several ways. On the basis of mechanism they may be:

Irreversible
Reversible
Simultaneous
Consecutive

For detail look in Chemical Reaction Rate

Tool in Chemical Labs

2008-12-03T15:26:00.000-08:00

Chemistry is a precise laboratory science, and the equipment of a chemical laboratory is usually involved with measurement. Balances are used to measure mass, pipettes and burettes to measure volume, and thermometers to measure temperature changes. Advances in electronics and computer technology have enabled the development of scientific instruments that determine the chemical properties, structure, and content of substances accurately and precisely.

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Physical and Nuclear Chemistry

2008-12-03T15:23:00.000-08:00

Physical Chemistry deals with the structure of matter and the energy changes that occur during physical and chemical changes of matter. This field provides a theoretical basis for the chemical observations of the other subdivision of other subdivisions. Analytical chemistry is concerned with the identification of chemical substances, the determination of the amounts of substances present in a mixture, and the separation of mixture onto their individual components.

More detail look on Physical Chemistry.

Base Chemistry

2008-11-24T14:37:00.000-08:00

A basic chemistry theory has been formulated as the result of centuries of observation and measurement of the various elements and compounds. According to this theory, matter is composed of minute particles called atoms. The more than 100 different kinds of atoms that are known are called chemical elements. Atoms of the same elements or of different elements can combine together to form molecules and compounds. The atom are held together by forces, primarily electrostatic, called chemical bonds. In chemical reaction two or more compounds by means of breaking and making the chemical bonds.

For more detail click on Basic Chemistry

Basic Consepts of Analysis

2008-11-14T14:56:00.000-08:00

The specific goals of analysis were outlined at the end of this article, descriptions of a physical situation, prediction of behavior, comparison with true behavior, evaluation of the limitation of the model, and prediction and design. The logical sequence of the process will shown with a drawing as flow diagram. The aim is to become proficient in detail at each step of the process and to understand thoroughly the interaction between the various step. We will be begin by briefly discussing each step as shown on the figure.

Chemicals Prices

2008-11-08T05:10:00.001-08:00

Chemicals is one of the biggest substance used in the world. No human being don't use a chemicals in their live. As human being also a composed of chemicals, human being always need a chemicals for their live, to stay alive in this world.

This world contains many chemicals, such as water, air, soil, minerals are chemicals. The first most expensive chemicals in the world are air. Because air is available in huge sum, and human can take this air freely but mixed with many chemicals in air. Sometimes people need pure air, they can buy as Oxygen that can be used for their breath or for certain purpose in many applications. So if they need routine for their live, this pure air will very expensive.

The second most expensive are water, but water also can available in huge some so people can take freely or processed firs become a clean water. Sometime water also rare in dry season, and many people in village should buy water for their every days live, for this purpose they must expense much money.

The other chemicals in the world become expensive because their process may need high cost like to process a mineral from mountain or from the ocean. Some other chemical from open mining also became expensive because of their transportation is too far from the community.